
The Stealthy Onslaught of Invasive Invertebrates
Invasive fauna have had a significant and harmful impact on island ecosystems around the world. The process of the spread and establishment of non-native and invasive organisms is called a biological invasion. The global trade of botanical products and various commodities has facilitated the migration of numerous species to novel environments, resulting in significant disruptions to indigenous ecosystems. Among these, insects stand out as a particularly problematic group.

Invasive insects rank as the most financially burdensome animal category for native ecosystems, agricultural activities, and human infrastructure. The global economic toll of insect-related damages amounts to a minimum of 70 billion dollars annually, with North America and Europe bearing the brunt of the substantial financial losses.​
The pristine islands of the West Indies have not been spared from the onslaught of invasive species.
Instances of invasive insects, such as the Citrus Leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) and Avocado Lacebug (Pseudacysta perseae), have been documented in the Dominican Republic.
Additionally, the Cornstalk Borer (Diatraea lineolate), Cotton Seed Bug (Oxycarenus hyalinipennis), Lubber Grasshopper (Romalea microptera) and Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta), are just a few examples of invasive insect species recorded in The Bahamas. Other invertebrates include the New Guinea Flatworm and Hammerhead Flatworm, generalist predators with a taste for terrestrial snails and earthworms. The relentless encroachment of these species seriously threatens the native invertebrate fauna and the general biodiversity of these island environments. Invertebrates, which are generally considered to be helpful, can end up on the "naughty list" such as the European Honeybee.

Hammerhead Flatworm
European Honeybees
European Honeybee
​
The European honeybee (Apis mellifera) is considered one of the most important pollinators on earth and have been used extensively for their pollinating services and honey production. Researchers have traced honeybee domestication as far back as 7000 years B.C with evidence from Egypt showing that they were used in honey production. As apiculture techniques became more advanced, people began maintaining larger colonies of bees, which has led to challenges such as their susceptibility to disease transmission to other bee species.
While some researchers believe honeybees originated in Asia, others believe Africa may be their place of origin due to the high degree of genetic diversity. There are 28 subspecies of Apis mellifera all of which are native to Eurasia and Africa.
​
Islands are rife with introduced bee species. This may be due to factors such as low resistance to invasive species introductions and high resource availability. At least 80 species of bees have been introduced into island ecosystems and species from the Genera Bombus and Apis are often most featured. Invasive honeybees negatively impact native bees for several reasons.
Firstly, they deplete pollen and nectar resources, making it harder for native bees to find food resources. Secondly, Honeybees can spread pathogens and parasites to native bees. In the West Indies, ecto-parasites such as Varroa destructor, and other parasites such as Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae have been observed in European Honeybee colonies.
​
European Honeybees have caused the death of at least one person and several pets in The Bahamas and injured others, with a few persons needing hospital treatment.
With the rising interest in beekeeping, private apiaries have been increasing in The Bahamas, and while we understand the importance of honeybees, this hobby and or business must be monitored and regulated properly. This observation has important negative consequences because when bees swarm, they often end up in places where they can become a potential hazard to persons, such as in roofs, meter boxes, or cracks in the walls of residences. Removing beehives can also be an expensive process, sometimes costing hundreds of dollars for the unfortunate homeowner.
They also pose a serious safety risk for persons whose vocations involve field work, as was evidenced in 2019 when a team of Bahamian biologists, conducting field work in dense coppice and pine ecosystems in East Grand Bahama were attacked by European honeybees, resulting in one member of the team having to be taken to the hospital for injuries.
Feral European honeybee hives have been found in solution holes in South Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, and Abaco.


fact sheets

COMING SOON!

COMING SOON!

COMING SOON!

COMING SOON!


posters

COMING SOON!

COMING SOON!

COMING SOON!

COMING SOON!


photo gallery


resources
Ackerman, J.D., 2021. Island invasions by introduced honey bees: what can be expected for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean?. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, p.556744.
Bradshaw, C.J., Leroy, B., Bellard, C., Roiz, D., Albert, C., Fournier, A., Barbet-Massin, M., Salles, J.M., Simard, F. and Courchamp, F., 2016. Massive yet grossly underestimated global costs of invasive insects. Nature communications, 7(1), p.12986.
​
Espregueira Themudo, G., Rey-Iglesia, A., Robles Tascón, L., Bruun Jensen, A., da Fonseca, R.R. and Campos, P.F., 2020. Declining genetic diversity of European honeybees along the twentieth century. Scientific reports, 10(1), p.10520.
​
Gerlach, J., Barker, G.M., Bick, C.S., Bouchet, P., Brodie, G., Christensen, C.C., Collins, T., Coote, T., Cowie, R.H., Fiedler, G.C. and Griffiths, O.L., 2021. Negative impacts of invasive predators used as biological control agents against the pest snail Lissachatina fulica: the snail Euglandina ‘rosea and the flatworm Platydemus manokwari. Biological Invasions, 23, pp.997-1031.
​
Rangel, J., Gonzalez, A., Stoner, M., Hatter, A. and Traver, B.E., 2018. Genetic diversity and prevalence of Varroa destructor, Nosema apis, and N. ceranae in managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in the Caribbean island of Dominica, West Indies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57(4), pp.541-550.
​
Serra, C.A., Jorge, P.E., Abud-Antún, A.J., Alvarez, P. and Perguero, B., 2003. Invasive alien species in the Dominican Republic: their impact and strategies to manage introduced pests (No. 1881-2017-587).
​
Smith, T.R. and Brambila, J., 2008. A major pest of cotton, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Heteroptera: Oxycarenidae) in the Bahamas. Florida entomologist, 91(3), pp.479-482.
​
https://www.tribune242.com/news/2019/jul/17/new-warning-issued-over-aggressive-bees/
​
http://jonesbahamas.com/beekeepers-warning-to-prevent-bee-attack/
​
​
